Relay-intercropping soybean with maize maintains soil fertility and increases nitrogen recovery efficiency by reducing nitrogen input

Optimized nitrogen(N)management can increase N-use efficiency in intercropping systems.Legume-nonlegume intercropping systems can reduce N input by exploiting biological N fixation by legumes.Measurement of N utilization can help in dissecting the mechanisms underlying N uptake and utilization in legume-nonlegume intercropping systems.An experiment was performed with three planting patterns:monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(SS),and maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS),and three N application levels:zero N(NN),reduced N(RN),and conventional N(CN)to investigate crop N uptake and utilization characteristics.N recovery efficiency and 15N recovery rate of crops were higher under RN than under CN,and those under RN were higher under intercropping than under the corresponding monocultures.Compared with MM,IMS showed a lower soil N-dependent rate(SNDR)in 2012.However,the SNDR of MM rapidly declined from 86.8%in 2012 to 49.4%in 2014,whereas that of IMS declined slowly from 75.4%in 2012 to 69.4%in 2014.The interspecific N competition rate(NCRms)was higher under RN than under CN,and increased yearly.Soybean nodule dry weight and nitrogenase activities were respectively 34.2%and 12.5%higher under intercropping than in monoculture at the beginning seed stage.The amount(Ndfa)and ratio(%Ndfa)of soybean N2 fixation were significantly greater under IS than under SS.In conclusion,N fertilizer was more efficiently used under RN than under CN;in particular,the relay intercropping system promoted N fertilizer utilization in comparison with the corresponding monocultures.An intercropping system helps to maintain soil fertility because interspecific N competition promotes biological N fixation by soybean by reducing N input.Thus,a maize-soybean relay intercropping system with reduced N application is sustainable and environmentally friendly.     

A Cross-Sectional Survey of Foaling-Related Parameters of Jennies (Equus asinus) Under Smallholder Farm Conditions in Northeast China

It is important to assess the reproductive efficiency and improve the reproductive management to promote the donkey population development. The overall foaling-related parameters of jennies under smallholder farm conditions in China were hardly under investigation. A cross-sectional survey of randomly selected 694 smallholder farms was conducted in 40 villages in the north, east, and south areas of Western Liaoning Province and Eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region between March and July, 2017. Foaling-related parameters were assessed such as the mean age at first foaling, foaling rate and foaling interval during 2014–2017. Only two-thirds of the adult jennies foaled during the 3-year survey period and delivered a foal every 1.9 years. The mean age at first foaling was 45.3 months. The lowest incidence of foaling rate was in coincidence with the peak of foaling. The overall mean values for the foaling rate and foaling interval were 75% and 500.5 days, respectively. Significant changes of foaling rates before the age of 15 years and foaling intervals in the first 8 parities were not observed. The results indicate that the jennies could maintain relatively fine foaling-related parameters under smallholder farm conditions in northeast of China. However, the foaling rates hardly remained high during the whole breeding season represented a major loss to the donkey breeding.     

补充营养对茶银尺蠖成虫寿命和产卵量的影响

茶银尺蠖[Scopula subpunctaria (Herrich-Schaeffer)]是危害茶树的常见害虫之一。为了更好地在实验室内饲养此害虫,获得大量供试虫源,研究了补充不同营养对茶银尺蠖成虫寿命和产卵量的影响。结果表明,成虫补充10%蜂蜜水和10%糖水时,雌成虫平均单雌产卵量显著提高,分别为(152.5±16.83)粒和(177.5±19.01)粒;产卵期显著延长,分别为(17.8±1.08) d和(21.4±1.27) d。补充不同营养对雌成虫产卵期和产卵后期有显著影响,但对产卵前期影响不显著。补充10%糖水时,雌成虫的寿命最长,为(29.1±1.41) d,显著高于其他处理;而在10%蜂蜜水、水和对照处理下,雌成虫寿命分别为(23.8±1.15)、(14.4±0.48)、(6.3±0.37) d。补充10%糖水和10%蜂蜜水时,雄成虫的寿命分别为(21.3±0.93) d和(19.5±1.20) d,显著高于水和空白对照处理。在每个处理下,雌成虫的寿命均高于雄成虫。综上所述,10%糖水可作为成虫补充营养的最佳选择。     

烘烤凋萎期失水速度对烟叶质量的影响

凋萎期失水速度在烟叶质量的形成过程中具有重要作用,是影响烟叶质量的关键指标。为了优化烘烤工艺,寻找最佳的凋萎期失水速度,以秦烟96为试验材料,2014~2015年在甘肃陇南地区应用变频技术通过风量调节研究了烘烤凋萎期7组失水速度对烟叶质量的影响。试验结果表明,凋萎期失水速度控制在5~7 g∕(kg·h)之间,不但可以让未变黄的烟叶继续变黄,消除青烟,让已变黄的烟叶适度失水,同时降低了变黄后烟叶的水分含量,为烟叶定色创造了条件,有利于防止棕色化反应的发生。     

施氮量对粮饲兼用玉米子粒产量和饲用品质的影响

2017~2018年以主推粮饲兼用玉米陕科9号品种为材料，设0、90、180、270和360 kg/hm² 5个氮肥水平进行大田试验，测定不同氮肥处理下叶面积指数、产量和饲用品质和氮肥利用率等性状指标，分析施氮量对玉米子粒产量、饲用品质和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明，随施氮量的增加，叶面积指数、SPAD值和生物量增加；子粒产量随施氮量的增加先增加后稳定，此时最佳施氮量为268 kg/hm²，产量增加64.4%。随着氮肥增加，氮肥农学效率呈先增加后降低，氮肥偏生产力降低。饲用品质分析显示，子粒蛋白质、淀粉和脂肪含量随着施氮量增加而增加，在氮肥270 kg/hm²处理下分别较不施氮处理增加2.4%、13.7%和22.5%；秸秆中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量分别减少20.4%和18.1%，秸秆粗蛋白和体外干物质消化率分别增加22.5%和17.6%。适当增施氮肥改善玉米群体质量，增加产量和氮肥利用率，提高饲用价值。陕北灌区粮饲兼用玉米生产实践中，推荐适宜施氮量为268 kg/hm²。     

油菜-水稻轮作模式下油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻光合生产力及产量的影响

【目的】探索油菜季氮肥投入与水稻季氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻光合生产力及产量的影响,为水旱轮作模式下水稻适宜的氮肥运筹方式提供理论和实践依据。【方法】以杂交籼稻‘F优498’为试验材料,研究油菜季2种氮肥投入量(常规施氮:180 kg·hm~(-2),减量施氮:150 kg·hm~(-2))、水稻季150 kg·hm~(-2)施氮量基础上3种氮肥运筹模式[M1—m(基肥)∶m(分蘖肥)∶m(穗肥)=2∶2∶6,M2—m(基肥)∶m(分蘖肥)∶m(穗肥)=3∶3∶4,M3—m(基肥)∶m(分蘖肥)∶m(穗肥)=4∶4∶2]对杂交稻光合特性、干物质积累与转运和产量的影响。【结果】相对于常规施氮,油菜季减量施氮影响了杂交稻齐穗期光合特性但没有达到显著水平;水稻季M1、M2、M3处理杂交稻齐穗期和齐穗后15 d的光合生产力均增加;油菜季减量施氮和水稻季M3运筹模式杂交稻的光合速率增幅最大。油菜季减量施氮处理杂交稻齐穗期和成熟期茎鞘干物质质量、转化率和产量均增加;水稻季M1、M2、M3处理杂交稻齐穗期茎鞘干物质质量和产量增加;油菜季减量施氮和水稻季M3运筹方式干物质积累增幅最大。【结论】油菜季减量施氮和水稻季M3运筹方式可增强杂交稻生育后期光合性能,提高杂交稻叶面积指数,增加杂交稻干物质积累与转运,从而提高杂交稻产量,为本研究最佳处理。     

红富士苹果不同化学疏花剂的疏除效果及成本分析

【目的】 研究对比不同化学疏花剂对红富士苹果花的疏除效果并分析成本,筛选出适宜阿克苏红富士苹果的化学疏花剂及浓度,为减少人工疏花成本、调控树体负载量、提升果品品质提供参考。【方法】 以初果期和盛果期红富士苹果新红1号为试材,在中心花75%~85%和全树70%~85%的花开放时期。喷施不同浓度的石硫合剂、乙烯利、甲酸钙、疏花剂,以人工疏果为对照,分析化学疏花剂的疏除效果及成本。【结果】 不同浓度的石硫合剂、乙烯利、甲酸钙、疏花剂,对初果期树和盛果期树的花均有疏除作用,疏除效果不同,与对照相互比较均有差异,成本相差较大。【结论】 通过花序坐果率、花朵坐果率、单果占比、空台率、疏除率综合比较,石硫合剂200倍液在初果期树的疏除效果与人工疏果效果最相近,成本为人工疏果的17.08%;石硫合剂150倍液在盛果期树上的疏除效果与人工最相近,成本为人工疏果的24.79%。化学疏花的成本与疏花剂的价格及树龄呈正相关。     

复硝酚钠与胺鲜酯对棉花化肥吸收率的影响

【目的】研究复硝酚钠(CSN)与胺鲜酯(DA-6)2种植物生长调节剂,分别和化肥复配施用对棉花化肥吸收率的影响。【方法】通过复硝酚硝与胺鲜酯分别和化肥复配施用,采集棉花2叶期、4叶期、6叶期各20株,测定棉株鲜重,干重,以及全氮、全磷和全钾含量,计算棉花3个时期的干物质比、氮吸收率、磷吸收率、钾吸收率,与CK相比较,分析复硝酚钠与胺鲜酯对棉花肥料吸收率的影响。【结果】复硝酚钠和化肥复配施肥后,棉花对肥料的吸收率在2叶期时氮、磷、钾吸收率分别提高了10.76%、0.87%和10.4%。4叶期时氮、磷、钾吸收率分别提高了18.5%、2.34%和24.86%。6叶期时氮、磷、钾吸收率分别提高了31.14%、5.33%和35.56%;胺鲜酯和化肥复配施肥后棉花对肥料的吸收率在2叶期时氮、磷、钾吸收率分别提高了8.31%、0.85%和9.25%。4叶期时氮、磷、钾吸收率分别提高了11.51%、1.48%和15.66%。6叶期时氮、磷、钾吸收率分别提高了27.11%、4.49%和30.31%。【结论】复硝酚钠与胺鲜酯与化肥复配施用,对棉花化肥吸收率有明显的促进作用。     

不同小麦品种小麦白粉病发病程度及其田间发生动态分析

【目的】研究新冬60号、新冬57号、新冬40号和新冬20号小麦白粉病危害程度和田间发生动态,为科学防控小麦白粉病提供理论依据。【方法】采用定期定点调查的方法,系统调查不同品种小麦白粉病发生情况。【结果】新冬60号、新冬57号、新冬40号小麦白粉病田间发生动态基本一致。新冬60号、新冬57号、新冬40号和新冬20号小麦白粉病病情指数最高分别为8.22、7.11、37.63和25.48。新冬60号和新冬57号小麦白粉病田间发生程度极显著轻于新冬40号和新冬20号,新冬40号小麦白粉病田间危害程度极显著重于新冬20号。【结论】新冬60号和新冬57号小麦白粉病田间危害程度极显著轻于新冬20号,可根据田间发病情况,合理减施农药。新冬40号小麦白粉病田间发生程度极显著重于新冬20号,应加强对小麦白粉病的预防。     

2种多胺对铁皮石斛瓶内开花的影响

以铁皮石斛无根组培苗为试验材料,研究不同浓度的外源腐胺（Put）和精胺（Spm）对铁皮石斛瓶内开花的影响。结果表明：培养基中添加适量的Put和Spm可提高开花率。当Put浓度为0.4 mg/L时,铁皮石斛瓶内开花率最高,为30.47%;Spm浓度为0.2 mg/L时,铁皮石斛瓶内开花率最高,为22.26%;Put浓度为0.2 mg/L时,铁皮石斛始花期最短,为83.33 d,观赏期最长,为43.33 d。Put浓度为0.4 mg/L时,植株可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量最高;对照处理下植株全N含量达最高;Spm浓度为0.6 mg/L时,植株C/N比达最大。Put浓度为0.4 mg/L时,有利于铁皮石斛组培苗碳氮化合物的积累,可提高铁皮石斛的开花率;Put浓度为0.2 mg/L时,能使花期提前,延长观赏期。Spm浓度为0.4 mg/L时,有利于铁皮石斛组培苗株高增长和生根,促进铁皮石斛组培苗的营养生长。